Does Sex/Gender Play a Role in Placebo and Nocebo Effects? Conflicting Evidence From Clinical Trials and Experimental Studies

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Summary

It is argued that the placebo response is predominantly the result of a conditioning (learning) response in females, while in males it predominantly may be generated via (verbal) manipulating of expectancies, and in experimental work when both pathways are separated and explicitly explored, such differences may surface.

Type
review
Published
2019-03-04
Cited by
78
References
135
Access
Open access

Keywords

Placebo, Nocebo, Nocebo Effect, Meta-analysis, Adverse effect

References

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