Does Sex/Gender Play a Role in Placebo and Nocebo Effects? Conflicting Evidence From Clinical Trials and Experimental Studies
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Summary
It is argued that the placebo response is predominantly the result of a conditioning (learning) response in females, while in males it predominantly may be generated via (verbal) manipulating of expectancies, and in experimental work when both pathways are separated and explicitly explored, such differences may surface.
- Type
- review
- Published
- 2019-03-04
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 135
- Access
- Open access
- OpenAlex
- https://openalex.org/W2920761311
- Semantic Scholar
- https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67869732
Keywords
Placebo, Nocebo, Nocebo Effect, Meta-analysis, Adverse effect
References
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Cited by
- Placebo and Nocebo Effects Across Symptoms: From Pain to Fatigue, Dyspnea, Nausea, and Itch
- Sex differences in the pharmacology of itch therapies-a narrative review.
- Placebos and the Placebo Effect in Drug Trials.
- Time-Dependent Negative Effects of Verbal and Non-verbal Suggestions in Surgical Patients—A Study on Arm Muscle Strength
- Historical Controls in Randomized Clinical Trials: Opportunities and Challenges
- Evidence of gender bias in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients: A Big Data analysis of Electronic Health Records
- Placebo Responses and Placebo Effects in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Effects of sex on placebo effects in chronic pain participants: a cross-sectional study
- Sex differences in the vascular access of hemodialysis patients: a cohort study
- European Headache Federation recommendations for placebo and nocebo terminology
- Age, sex, disease severity, and disease duration difference in placebo response: implications from a meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus
- Women report more severe sensations from 2 mA and 4 mA transcranial direct current stimulation than men
- Evidence of Gender Differences in the Diagnosis and Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: An Analysis of Electronic Health Records Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning
- Explaining placebo effects in an online survey study: Does ‘Pavlov’ ring a bell?
- Do Children With Functional Abdominal Pain Benefit More From a Pain-Specific Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Than From an Unspecific Attention Control Intervention? Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
- Prolonged tinnitus suppression after short-term acoustic stimulation.
- Lidocaine before esophageal manometry and ambulatory pH monitoring: A randomized controlled trial
- Placebo Effects on Stress, but Not on Pain Reports. A Multi-Experiment Study
- The Nocebo Effect: A Review of Contemporary Experimental Research
- The placebo and nocebo effects in functional urology
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- [Placebo: an unappreciated factor in medicine].